NFKB1 and neoplasm: In addition to altering the tumor immune microenvironment, these chemokine ligands can also activate phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phospholipase-Cβ, calcium mobilization, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (AKT), transcription factors like NF-κB, and gene expression on tumor cells.