SERPINE1 and diabetes mellitus: Former smoking had an adverse indirect effect on diabetes-related outcomes through GrimEAA, DNAm-based smoking pack-years, DunedinPACE, and PhenoEAA (only HbA1c), and former smoking exerted an indirect negative impact on FVC through DNAm PAI-1 levels (FDR < 0.05, Table 3 and Fig. 1).