For example, in type 1 diabetes (T1D), islet autoantigens such as insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, and insulinoma-associated protein-2 have been identified in beta cell EVs, which can then be transferred to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for processing and presentation to T cells (21–23). Here, INSM2 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.