TGFB1 and lymphedema: When these mouse models were treated with neutralizing antibodies to neutralize IL-4 or IL-13, lymphedema was reported to be prevented.41 Mainly, TGF-β1 has significant implications as the diagnostic marker in lymphedema as it could foster fibrosis, and the administration of TGF-β1 neutralizing antibodies has mitigated fibrosis in in vivo models and also impaired the migration of Th2 cells and expression of Th2 cytokines.42 However, these mechanisms still require additional research to illustrate the Th2-Th1 immune paradigm in the progression of lymphedema in human models.