These can be roughly divided into the following four categories (23): 1) tumor-intrinsic biomarkers, including programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), tumor mutational burden (TMB), and specific gene alterations; 2) tumor microenvironment biomarkers, including tumor-associated immune cells (TAICs), and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire; 3) liquid biopsies, including peripheral blood cells and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA); 4) host-related biomarkers, including clinical characteristics, sex, and human leukocyte antigen-1 (HLA-I). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.