Increased circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was found to be associated with pre-diagnostic glioma (OR=1.46, 95% CI=1.18-1.82) in the JSB, whilst two other studies did not find the same relationship within the Department of Defense Serum Repository (DoDSR) and Northern Sweden and Disease Study cohort (NSHDS) cohorts (8, 12, 13). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is glioma.