Early study of the proinflammatory response to Chlamydia also indicated that infection also induces production of fibrosis-associated cytokines such as IL-6, IL-11, and IL-17 (Rasmussen et al., 1997; Dessus-Babus et al., 2002; Jha et al., 2011; Masson et al., 2015; Johnson et al., 2020), as well as an extensive portfolio of fibrosis-associated growth factors (e.g. VEGF, CTGF, EGF) (Hess et al., 2001; Gonzalez-Moreno et al., 2010; Lipson et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2015; Barratt et al., 2018; Adami et al., 2021; Widjaja et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene IL17A and infection.