Regarding the risk-associated genes, previous studies demonstrated that HOXB3 promotes cell proliferation and invasion in glioblastoma [24], overexpressing a cytoskeleton regulator AVIL accelerate cell proliferation and migration, enables fibroblasts to transform into immortalized astrocytes to drive tumorigenesis of glioblastoma [25], but their roles in LGGs is still ambiguous. Here, AVIL is linked to glioblastoma.