The Boyden Chamber results indicated that overexpression of RPS15 substantially increased the migration and invasion abilities of ESCC cells (Fig. 4h, i and Supplementary Fig. S3a, b), whereas inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway resulted in a significant decrease in these abilities, especially in the RPS15 overexpression group. Here, RPS15 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.