Consistent with prior work (Rust et al., 2013) and in support of immune-independent effects, CD73 deletion in MDA-MB-231 human triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells significantly delayed tumor growth in severely immunodeficient Nod-Rag-gamma (NRG) mice, which lack T cells, B cells, NK cells and functional macrophages (Figure 1A). The gene discussed is NT5E; the disease is triple-negative breast carcinoma.