Patients with sepsis, especially severe sepsis and septic shock, had obviously higher expression levels of PD-1 on CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, PD-L1 on monocytes, sPD-1, and sPD-L1 compared with patients with non-septic infections, non-infectious inflammation, and a healthy control group (89). The gene discussed is SPDL1; the disease is Sepsis.