TNF and COVID-19: Nrf2-mediated antiviral responses via IFN-independent manner- ↓ Replication of SARS-CoV2 and other virus including HSV, VACV, and Zika Virus- ↓ Replication of HSV1 and VACV in type I IFN-deficient cells- ↓ Replication of HSV1 and VACV in IFNAR2 or STAT1-deficient HaCaT cellsAnti-inflammatory effects to SARS-CoV2- ↓ IFNB1, CXCL10, TNFA, and CCL5 in Calu-3 cells- ↓ CXCL10 in PBMCs from healthy donor and patients with severe COVID-19