Other cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23p19) and chemokines [chemokine (C-XC-C motif) ligand (CXCL)-1/2/3/6/8, CCL-2 and CCL-20) were found enriched in the interlobular bile ducts from PBC patients, which was also confirmed in the in vitro stimulation of primary cholangiocytes with PAMPs [Pam3CSK4, poly(I:C) and LPS] and IL-17 (75). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is primary biliary cholangitis.