INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: However, VitD treatment markedly (p < 0.05) attenuated the high-fat and fructose diet (HFFD)-mediated increase in glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR values and significantly (p < 0.05) improved the serum 25(OH)VitD level in the NAFLD+ VitD group compared to the untreated NAFLD rats (Table 2).