Moreover, TD decreases α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) activity and induces oxidative damage in brain mitochondria, thereby increasing brain lactic acid release, OS, cell energy damage, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is consistent with the phenomenon in the brain of chronic end-stage liver failure (Pan et al., 2018). The gene discussed is OGDH; the disease is thanatophoric dysplasia.