PLAC8 and colon carcinoma: For example, PLAC8 induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition in colon carcinoma cells [36]; regulates PD-L1 ubiquitination levels in breast cancer cells, thus influencing immune response and cancer cell proliferation [37]; and triggers oncogenic autophagy, thus affecting autophagosome–lysosome fusion in pancreatic cells [38].