In addition, astaxanthin has been shown to increase M2 macrophages with CD206 and IL-10, while decreasing M1 macrophages with CD11c and CCR2 in a mouse model of NASH, thereby reducing intrahepatic oxidative stress and fibrosis (Ni et al., 2015); (Yang et al., 2021b). This evidence concerns the gene CCR2 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.