A pathogenic mechanism for C9orf72 ALS is via repeat-associated non-AUG translation of the HRE transcripts, creating aggregation-prone and neurotoxic dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, including poly-glycine-arginine (poly-GR) and poly-proline-arginine (poly-PR). Here, C9orf72 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.