APP and Alzheimer disease: Moreover, PHPB has been verified effective in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by attenuating amyloid and tau protein pathologies in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, promoting mitochondrial function, antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammation in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rats, β-amyloid protein 1–40 (Aβ1-40)-intracerebroventricular infused rats, APP/PS1-transgenic mice, and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mice [12].