TLR4 and colitis: In vivo experiments in DSS-induced colitis in mice treated with CP-HA-RH-NPs showed that RH decreased the proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6) levels and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) release through the TLR4/myeloid differentiation 88 adaptor protein (MyD88) TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and increased the ZO-1 and claudin-1 expression in the colon.