SMAD2 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In A549 and H1299 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, withaferin A repressed production and induced apoptosis of A549 cells by suppressing the initiation of the PI3K/Akt pathways and the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and NF-κB, inhibiting the EMT induction in NSCLC cells [117].