In response to external stimuli, such as LPS, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), and IL-4, ncRNAs may alter macrophage polarization, gene expression, and signaling pathway activity and may contribute to the development of various CVDs, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), I/R injury, and HF (Table 2) [93,94]. Here, IRF1 is linked to atherosclerosis.