In apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-knockout (KO) mice fed an atherogenic diet, as well as in individuals with atherosclerosis, reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and elevated DNMT1 levels in macrophages, as well as increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis [59]. Here, APOE is linked to atherosclerosis.