TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Several cytokines were increased over the course of ARDS induction (Fig. 2c), including TNF-α which rose from 1.34 ± 1.13 pg/mL to 4372.85 ± 4230.56 pg/mL (p = 0.0114) and IL-12 which rose from 356.40 ± 129.25 pg/mL to 518.40 ± 217.23 pg/mL (p = 0.0437).