CCL2 and COVID-19: In addition, it has been shown that the S-glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 induces pericardial cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines, including MCP1, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, which are important components of the cytokine storm associated with respiratory failure and high mortality in patients with COVID-19 [32].