The results showed that the expression levels of IFITM1, GADD45A, LY6E, MT1M, and SPP1 were significantly upregulated in DM compared to the normal population (Fig. 3a–e, P < 0.05), whereas in HCC, the expression levels of IFITM1, GADD45A, LY6E, and MT1M were significantly downregulated except for SPP1 (Fig. 3f–j, P < 0.005). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.