The nomogram risk model showed that the downregulation of LY6E, IFITM1, GADD45A, and MT1M expression and upregulation of SPP1 expression in HCC are both risk factors for HCC, and contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of HCC, but the specific mechanisms are not clear and need to be investigated in a more recent study. Here, SPP1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.