In a recent study, researchers further investigated the level of serum SPP1 autoantibodies in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and showed that its expression was significantly upregulated compared to the normal group, suggesting that anti-SPP1 autoantibodies are a novel biomarker for the detection of ESCC [37], and SPP1 is important in prostate cancer (PCa), head and neck cancer (HNC), cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and other cancers [38, 39]. Here, SPP1 is linked to prostate cancer.