We then took the intersection of the results of both algorithms again, and the results showed that five genes were screened in both algorithms (Fig. 2c), which were IFITM1, GADD45A, LY6E, TRIM22, MT1M, and SPP1, and these five genes were identified as common characteristic genes of DM and HCC. Here, GADD45A is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.