In addition, although previous studies have reported minimal adverse effects at 1 g per day of NAC in NAFLD patients (Gulbahar et al., 2000; Pamuk and Sonsuz, 2003; Khoshbaten et al., 2010), a combinatorial treatment of NAC with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) showed higher mortality than G-CSF alone in patients with severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (Singh et al., 2018), suggesting unknown harmful effects of NAC depending on the microenvironment. The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.