TGFB1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: On the other hand, studies on glioma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma have documented contrasting results, showing that upregulation of the cytokines TGF-β/IFN-γ and increased PD-L1 expression can lead to selective downregulation of ULBP3 and 4 to facilitate tumor escape (62–64).