The proinflammatory cytokine TNF induces the expression of ST3GAL4 in lung epithelial cells (149, 150), and the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 upregulate the expressions of ST6GAL2 and ST3GAL6 in CF epithelial cells (151), indicating that STs may play a crucial role in inflammation conditions, including CF. Here, STS is linked to cystic fibrosis.