MTOR and pemphigus foliaceus: In this research, treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAPA) and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 activated autophagy and alleviated PF in vivo and in vitro, thereby upregulating E-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and downregulating alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (Jia et al., 2022).