• Diabetic-exposed offspring had higher BMI, waist circumference and body fat, increased general and central obesity at 9–11 years old (39). • BMI of O-GDM was 0.89 kg/m2 greater than offspring before their mothers got GDM (40) • O-GDM (41) and O-T1DM (42) had more leptin, less adiponectin and FGF21. Here, LEP is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.