HF: heart failure, ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, NICM: non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator, ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme, NYHA: New York Heart Association, LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction, SCD: sudden cardiac death, EF: ejection fraction, MI: myocardial infarction, CHF: congestive heart failure. Here, ACE is linked to myocardial infarction.