The models selected display synaptic deficits and represent models of ASD-related syndromes Fragile X syndrome (Fmr1 -/Y), PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (Pten +/−), cortical dysplasia focal epilepsy syndrome (Cntnap2 −/−), ANKS1B syndrome (Anks1b +/−), and the BTBR+ inbred model of idiopathic autism. This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and fragile X syndrome.