TSC1 and autism: Autism gene databases show clear enrichment for synaptic pathways, and syndromic ASD mouse models are primarily associated with mutations in synaptic proteins or their regulators, such as SHANKs, neurexins, neuroligins, SynGAP1, FMRP, and TSC1/2 (Pinto et al., 2014; Yoo, 2015; Ramaswami and Geschwind, 2018).