PDCD1 and cancer: The inclusion of PLWH in cancer clinical trials has been criticized for a number of reasons, including the potentially reduced effectiveness of ICIs in immunosuppressed people, the potential aggravation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in PLWH who have started recently cART, the effects of PD-1 inhibitors in the context of perturbations in HIV-related T-cell repertoires, and unknown consequences on other HIV-related malignancies or opportunistic infections [11].