INS and infection: To determine whether Toll and Imd signaling activity interacts with the insulin signaling in D. melanogaster larvae in the context of parasitic nematode infection, we quantified the transcript levels of genes regulated by the insulin signaling, including Dilp2, Dilp3, Dilp5, Dilp6, and fOXO, in Dif1 and Rele20 mutant larvae at 12 and 36 h post-infection with H. gerrardi nematodes (Fig. 6).