TNF-α is a type II homotrimeric membrane protein (Yang et al., 2011; Adams et al., 2016) that plays a key regulatory role in inflammation and host defense against bacterial infection (Chen S. Y. et al., 2022), and IL-1β is a multifunctional cytokine involved in many immune and pro-inflammatory responses (Rastogi et al., 2018). Here, TNF is linked to bacterial infectious disease.