MSC-EV transplantation, which is an emerging and novel therapy, has been confirmed to be beneficial for SSc in bleomycin or hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced, or chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) mouse models, and TGF-β1-induced model of human myofibroblast (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and systemic sclerosis.