STING1 and viral infectious disease: Upon viral infection, PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (110), retinoic acid-induced gene-I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) (111), nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) (112), cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (113, 114), are employed to detect viral nucleic acids, hence leading to transcriptional expression of type I interferon (IFN-I) and hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which amplify innate immune responses to effectively restrict viral replication (111).