In addition, one of the clinical symptoms of the Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome type 1, a rare genetic disorder impairing vesicle trafficking, is lung fibrosis and impaired innate immune antimicrobial responses due to amplified mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) signaling resulting in reduced bacterial clearance, indicating autophagy as a key cellular process in physiological and pathological conditions (141, 142). Here, MTOR is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.