In another study, two renal cell cancer cell lines (Caki-1 and 786-O cell lines) were cultured using GW6471, and higher levels of PPARα were observed in high-grade cancer cells than in low-grade cancer cells, requiring high levels of fatty acid oxidation due to their need for more energy, which is regulated upstream by PPARα signaling (Perroud et al., 2009). Here, PPARA is linked to cancer.