TLR4 and cardiac hypertrophy: Yang et al. injected isoproterenol (5 mg/kg/d) peritoneally into SD rats to make myocardial hypertrophy models, and they found that AS-IV (20,40 and 80 mg/kg) inhibited myocardial hypertrophy and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6, the mechanism of which was related to inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway (Yang et al., 2013).