TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: The role of EMT in pulmonary fibrosis has been proposed previously.19, 20, 21 Recent studies suggest that instead of contributing to the extracellular matrix producing fibroblast population directly, alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells undergoing EMT promotes a pro-fibrotic microenvironment through paracrine signalings, which enhances TGF-β-induced fibroblast activation.22, 23, 24, 25, 26 Glycolytic reprogramming is found to be active in IPF patients,27,28 and promotes myofibroblast differentiation,29 a key event in pulmonary fibrosis formation.