MALAT1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Lastly, since MALAT1 also plays important roles in other lung diseases some of which have been abovementioned, the following signalling networks are thought to also be key targets of therapeutic treatment for the prevention or cure of other lung diseases: MALAT1/miR-503/TLR4 (He et al., 2020) and MALAT1/hsa-miR-124-3p.1/KLF5 (Wang et al., 2019b) for PAH treatment, MALAT1/miR-125b, MALAT1/miR-146a, MALAT1/miR-133 and MALAT1/miR-203 for COPD treatment (Liu et al., 2020) and MALAT1/antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) for lung cancer treatment (Gutschner et al., 2013).