TNF and diabetes mellitus: The beneficial effects of fasting on the human body are well known today, with studies reporting weight loss, increase in life span, decreased oxidative stress, and improvement in inflammatory markers with decreased levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), both of which are related to adverse health conditions, for example, some cardiovascular and psychiatric diseases.6,7 Ramadan fasting leads to a decrease in TNF-α and an increase in adiponectin levels (decreased adiponectin is associated with obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis).8