One such study found that LAPTM4B is upregulated in the lung tissues of patients with IPF, and that this upregulation is associated with increased oxidative stress and cellular injury (67), while another found that LAPTM4B is also upregulated in the lung tissues of patients with COPD and that this upregulation is associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress (68). Here, LAPTM4B is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.