TNF and COVID-19: Patients with severe COVID-19 display hyperinflammation; secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines due to a dysregulated immune response (Rebendenne et al., 2021): interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and elevated concentrations of inflammatory markers, including D-dimer, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) (Azkur et al., 2020; Del Valle et al., 2020; Goh et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).