These gram-negative bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which cause high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines via NF-κB activation with a simultaneous increase in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) along the spectrum of GERD, BE and EAC. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and gastroesophageal reflux disease.