APLN and selenium deficiency: In terms of signal transduction, many pathways such as MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), ErbB (erythroblastic oncogene B), Ras (rat sarcoma virus), Wnt (wingless-related integration site), Rap1 (ras-related protein 1), Notch, TGF-beta (transforming growth factor beta), Hippo, Apelin, NF-kappa B (nuclear factor-kB), PI3K-Akt (phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Ak strain transforming), cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), and phospholipase D indicate a large amount of signal generation during selenium deficiency conditions.