NFKB1 and neoplasm: Various signals, such as ultraviolet radiation, carcinogens, and tumor promoter (TPA), stimulate COX-2 transcription through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MEKK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK)/MAPK-mediated, activator protein (AP)-1– mediated, p300-mediated, and inhibitory κB kinase/NF-κB–mediated signaling pathways [228].