TXNIP and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Genetic deletion of thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) in cells can increase protein ubiquitination of Xbp1, decrease gluconeogenesis and increase insulin sensitivity.234 An increased level of UBE2v1- and Lys63-ubiquitinated proteins was found in patients with T2DM, and the latter is involved in the pathological process of tubular damage in diabetic nephropathy.235