TNF and infection: During natural infection with SARS-CoV-2, it has been observed that along with traditional markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A, there are higher levels of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [38].