Although the cytokine response to SARS-CoV-2 antigen has not been examined previously in the context of non-infectious complications of PAD, the response of circulating Tfh isolated from CVID patients to submitogenic PHA+IL-2 stimulation, as indicated by the intracellular expression of Tfh cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-21), with non-infectious complications (autoimmunity and/or granulomatous disease) was lower than that in patients without these complications. Here, IL21 is linked to common variable immunodeficiency.