IFNG and peripheral arterial disease: To the best of our knowledge, there have been no prior studies examining the potential of cytokine levels as predictive markers of occurrence of COVID-19 in patients with PAD; however, previous research conducted on healthy individuals during an 8-month follow-up period following CoronaVac vaccination found that those who exhibited lower levels of IFN-γ in the IFN-γ release assay were at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 [72].