Interestingly, in addition to several of the mentioned cytokines, we also observed a decrease in the level of TGF-β1 following whole-blood stimulation with the SARS-CoV-2 antigen, and this decrease was more prominent in patients who showed a low anti-spike IgG response as well as in CVID patients with an autoimmune disease. Here, TGFB1 is linked to autoimmune disease.